ENGINEERING SURVEYING:
Engineering Surveying is an important disciplinary field that serves construction projects. The knowledge and skills that a person will learn in this field will enable him to be able to work as an engineering surveyor, providing geospatial information for construction projects.
- Project planning and design;
- Quality control of construction projects to ensure the projects progress according to their designs and given tolerances; and
- Monitoring the performance and health conditions of completed structures and facilities.
ENGINEERING SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS:
Engineering Surveyors will use a wide range of instruments to assist them with their on-site work.
The instruments are following,
DUMPY LEVEL:
A dumpy level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as levelling, and is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to establish the relative heights levels of objects or marks. It is also known as a Surveyors level, Builders level or the historic "Y" level.
Uses:
It is widely used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks.
Precautions:
When the level is carried on the shoulder, the clamps are required to be tight enough to prevent wear, but loose enough so the level gives if accidentally bumped. When the level is carried inside a building, in dense growth, or anywhere
there is a chance of being bumped, the level is carried under the arm with the instrument head in front of the carrier. The level is carefully set down. The cross hairs could be broken or the instrument jarred out of adjustment by harsh treatment. When being transported in a vehicle, the level is packed in the level case and placed in a location to minimize vibration. The leveling screws are not tightened too tight as this could cause warping of the plate. The level is never left unguarded. The tripod legs are spread and pushed into the ground to prevent the level being knocked down. The instrument is protected from rain by a waterproof cover. If a waterproof cover is not available, the dust cap is placed on the objective lens as soon as possible and the instrument taken inside. When brought inside, excess moisture is wiped off the
instrument immediately and the instrument allowed to thoroughly dry before being placed in the case. Dust is removed with a camel hair brush,
if available. The eye piece may be cleaned with alcohol and wiped with a soft cloth.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
The dumpy level can be bought from following link,
MEASURING TAPE:
A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler and used to measure distance. It consists of
ribbon of cloth, plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure
around curves or corners. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m.
Types Of Tapes:
Following are the types of measuring tape,
1)Linen or Cloth Tape:
It is made of linen cloth with brass handle at zero end whose length is included in the tape length. It is very light and handy, but
cannot withstand much wear and tear. So it cannot be used for accurate work. It is little used in surveying except for taking subsidiary measurements like offsets.
2)Metallic Tape:
3)Steel Tape:
4)Invar Tape:
and should be thus handled with great care.
Uses:
Tapes are used in surveying for measuring Horizontal, vertical or slope distances. Tapes are issued in various lengths and widths and graduated in variety of ways.
Precautions:
Tape measures are useful tools to have around the house. When you are getting prepared
to complete a home repair or redecorate, tape measures come in handy to verify
measurements. It's nice to be certain of the dimensions and sizes you have to work with,
but its equally important to know how to properly use your tape measure. To avoid
accidents and injuries, use your tape measure in a safe way.
Cautionary Tape:
Young children can't often distinguish between what is and is not a toy. A shiny , new tape
measure may look like the perfect toy for a toddler who doesn't know any better. Be sure to
keep tape measures out of the reach of young children. If the full length of the tape
measure is exposed, a very young child runs the risk of having the tape wrapped around his
neck or other body part.
Hard Metal:
The outer shell of the tape measure is also made of a hard metal. If thrown, this could
seriously injure a child (or an adult) in the face or head. Use the tape measure when your
hands are not slippery enough to drop it.
Avoid Cuts:
The material of a tape measure may seem flimsy and harmless at first, but the precise
edges of the tape can be very sharp. Handle the tape measure carefully, avoid grabbing the
sides roughly with your fingertips.
For more information, go to following video links,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Metallic Tape
Steel Tape
Invar tape
LEVELING STAFF:
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a datum surface. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument.
Steel Tape
Invar tape
LEVELING STAFF:
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a datum surface. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument.
For more information, go to following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
ENGINEER'S CHAIN OR GUNTER'S CHAIN:
Gunter's chain (also known as Gunter’s measurement ) is a distance measuring device used for surveying.
It was designed and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–1626). It
enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
RANGING ROD OR RANGING POLE:
A ranging rod is a surveying instrument used for marking the position of stations and for sightings of those stations as well as for ranging straight
lines. Initially these were made of light, thin and straight bamboo or of well seasoned wood such as teak, pine or deodar.
They were shod with iron at the bottom and surmounted with a flag about 25 cm square in size. Nowadays they are made of metallic materials only. The rods are usually 3 cm in diameter and 2 m or 3 m long, painted alternatively either red and white or black and white in lengths of 20 cm (i.e. one link length of metric chain). These colors are used so that the rod can be properly sighted in case of long distance or bad weather. Ranging rods of
greater length, i.e., 4 m to 6 m, are called ranging poles and are used in case of very long survey lines Another type of ranging rod is known as an offset rod, which has no flag at the top. It is used for measuring small offsets from the survey line when the work is of an ordinary nature.
For more information, go to following video links,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
PRISMATIC COMPASS:
A prismatic compass is a navigation and surveying instrument which is extensively used to find out the bearing of the traversing and included
angles between them, waypoints (an endpoint of the course) and direction.
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain or laser range finder.The compass is generally used to run a traverse line. The compass calculates bearings of lines with respect to magnetic needle. The included angles can then be calculated using suitable formulas in case of clockwise and anti-clockwise traverse respectively. For each survey line in the traverse, surveyors take two bearings that is fore bearing and back bearing which should exactly differ by 180°if local attraction is negligible. The name Prismatic compass is given to it because it essentially consists of a prism which is used for taking observations more accurately.
Precautions:
1. The glass cover of the compass box gets charged with electricity when
dusted off with a handkerchief or by the influence of electric charge in the
atmosphere. Consequently, the needle adheres to the glass. This may be
avoided by applying a moist finger or cloth to the glass.
2. To avoid local attraction, nothing made of iron or steel such as bunch of
keys, iron-buttons etc. should be carried by the surveyor. The instrument
should not, as far as possible, be set up near telegraph poles, rails, other
steel structures and currents carrying wires etc.
3. Set up and level the compass properly.
4. Stop the vibrations of the needle by gently pressing the brake-pin so that
it may come to rest soon.
5. Always look along the needle and not across it, thus avoiding parallax. In
Surveyor’s compass always read the north end of the needle.
6. For important lines, take duplicate readings at each station. After having
taken the first reading, displace the needle and take the second reading and
then take the mean of the two.
7. To detect local attraction, take fore and back bearings of the lines.
8. The pivot sharp edge should be protected by keeping the needle off the
pivot when compass is not in use or when it is shifted from one station to
another.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
COSMOLABE:
The cosmolabe was an ancient astronomical instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly
used for measuring the angles between heavenly bodies. It is also called pantacosm. Jacques Besson also uses this name, or universal instrument, for his invention described in Le cosmolabe (1567), which could be used for astrometry, cartography, navigation, and surveying.
The cosmolabe was an ancient astronomical instrument resembling the astrolabe, formerly
Uses:
The two goniometric circles (horizontal and vertical) were used for land surveying and compiling the relevant corographic charts. The folding square was used to measure heights and to plot points, thanks to a stylus inserted in the joint, for compiling the corographic charts. The author also describes how the instrument can be used for drawing a map of the sky in perspective and for the anamorphic deformation of images.
The two goniometric circles (horizontal and vertical) were used for land surveying and compiling the relevant corographic charts. The folding square was used to measure heights and to plot points, thanks to a stylus inserted in the joint, for compiling the corographic charts. The author also describes how the instrument can be used for drawing a map of the sky in perspective and for the anamorphic deformation of images.
Procedure:
It can be used in such a way that , On the obverse side, the user places the reticle of the dial over the symbol for the world they are currently in, then they place the reticle of the beam over the world they wish to travel to. The end points of the beam then point to the rune components needed to create the gate between worlds. You may notice that it is not always possible to travel from any given world to every other one. There are fictional reasons for this but the truth is that such a limitation was necessary for the plot of the movie. On the reverse side, the user can select the rune components and activate the gate .The text on the Cosmolabe Geocoin is the Voynich script. This is an actual alphabet from a historic text on alchemy (probably) that has never been decoded.
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
DIOPTRA:
A Dioptra (sometimes also named dioptre or diopter from Greek: διόπτρα) is a classical
astronomical and surveying instrument, dating from the 3rd century BCE. The dioptra was a sighting tube or, alternatively, a rod with a sight at both ends, attached to a stand. If fitted with protractors, it could be used to measure angles.
The dioptra was replaced as a surveying instrument by the theodolite.
Uses:
Greek astronomers used the dioptra to measure the positions of stars; both Euclid and Geminus refer to the dioptra in their astronomical works. By the time of Ptolemy (2nd century CE), it was obsolete as an astronomical instrument, having been replaced by the armillary sphere. It continued in use as an effective surveying tool. Adapted to surveying, the dioptra is similar to the theodolite, or surveyor's transit, which dates to the sixteenth century. It is a more accurate version of the groma. The dioptra was used extensively on aqueduct building projects. Screw turns on several different parts of the instrument made it easy to calibrate for very precise measurements.
For more information go to following link,
ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENT (EDMI):
Electronic distance measuring instrument is a surveying instrument for measuring distance electronically between two points through electromagnetic waves.
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of determining the length between two points, using phase changes, that occur as electromagnetic energy waves travels from one end of the line to the other end.
Principle Of EDMI:
Electronic distance measurement in general is a term used as a method for distance measurement by electronic means. In this method instruments are used to measure distance that rely on propagation, reflection and reception of electromagnetic waves like radio, visible light or infrared waves.
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic wave consists of waves of different lengths.
Infrared waves and visible light waves are useful for the distance measurement. In EDM instruments these waves are generated, modulated and then propagated. They are reflected at the point up to which distance is to be measured from the instrument station and again received by the instrument.
The improved techniques use phase difference method in which the number of completed wave and incomplete wave is measured. Knowing the length of wave, distances are calculated.
Built up microprocessors provided in the instrument calculate the distances and display it by liquid crystal display (LCD).
Types:
EDM instruments are classified based on the type of carrier wave as,
1)Microwave instruments
2)Infrared wave instruments
3)Light wave instruments.
1)MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS:
These instruments make use of microwaves. Such instruments were invented as early as 1950 in South Africa by Dr. T.L. Wadley and named them as Tellurometers. The instrument needs only 12 to 24 V batteries. Hence they are light and highly portable. Tellurometers can be used in day as well as in night.
The range of these instruments is up to 100 km. It consists of two identical units. One unit is used as master unit and the other as remote unit. Just by pressing a button, a master unit can be converted into a remote unit and a remote unit into a master unit. It needs two skilled persons to operate. A speech facility is provided to each operator to interact during measurements.
2)INFRARED WAVE INSTRUMENT:
In this instrument amplitude modulated infrared waves are used. Prism reflectors are used at the end of line to be measured. These instruments are light and economical and can be mounted on theodolite. With these instruments accuracy achieved is ± 10 mm. The range of these instruments is up to 3 km.
These instruments are useful for most of the civil engineering works.
VISIBLE LIGHT WAVE INSTRUMENTS:
These instruments rely on propagation of modulated light waves. This type of instrument was first developed in Sweden and was named as Geodimeter. During night its range is up to 2.5 km while in day its range is up to 3 km. Accuracy of these instruments varies from 0.5 mm to 5 mm/km distance. These instruments are also very useful for civil engineering projects.
Uses:
Use for topographic and asbuilt survey.
Use for construction layout.
Use for monitoring and control.
Ideal for collecting large number of points.
Use for all aspects of modern surveying and when harsh condition exist.
Procedure:
Set up:
EDM instruments are inserted in to the tribrach Set over the point by means of the optical plummet Prisms are set over the remote station point The EDM turned on The height of the prism and the EDM should me measured.
Aim:
The EDM is aimed at the prism by using either the built- in sighting devices on the EDM Telescope (yoke-mount EDMs) will have the optical line of sight a bit lower than the electronic signal When the cross hair is sight on target the electronic signal will be maximized at the center of the prism Set the electronic signal precisely on the prism center.
Measure:
The slope measurement is accomplished by simply pressing the measure button The displays are either liquid crystal (LCD) or light emitting diode (LED) The measurements is shown in two decimals of a foot or three decimals of a meterEDM with built in calculators can now be used to compute horizontal and vertical distances, coordinate, atmosphiric,curveture and prism constant corrections.
Record:
The measured data can be recorded in the field note format can be entered manually into electronic data collector. The distance data must be accompanied by all relevant atmospheric and instrumental correction factors.
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
ALIDADE:
An alidade is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to draw a line on a plane table in the direction of the object or to measure the angle to the object from some refrence point.
There are two types of alidade,
1)Plain table alidade.
2)Telescopic alidade.
Plain Alidade:
It consists of a straight-edge ruler, made of a metal or wood, with one of the edges is bevelled and graduated known as fiducial edge. It consists of two vanes which are perpendicular to its ends, fitted with hinges at their bases, known as sight vanes.
These are kept folded down on the ruler when not in use. One of the sight vanes is provided with a narrow slit having three holes. This is used as eye vane. The other, used as object vane, is open and carries a hair or thin wire at its centre. Thus, the line passing through the slit of the eye vane joining the thin wire of the object vane and passing beyond is known as the line of sight of a plane alidade. A string is fitted at the top of the sight vanes and is used for inclined sight. In some alidade, a compass needle as well as a spirit level gets fitted in a box engraved at its base. However, the plain alidade is not very accurate.
Telescopic Alidade:
The telescopic alidade is designed for greater precision and longer range of sights. It can be used with advantages for contouring and plotting of details during topographic surveying.
It consists of a telescope as an arrangement for sighting (similar to that present in the upper part of a theodolite). The telescope is fitted with a stadia diaphragm and can be used as tacheometer also for computations of horizontal distance and vertical elevations. The line of sight of the telescope is aligned along the fiducial edge. In this instrument, the object is sighted through the telescope and the distance is scaled off in that direction along the fiducial edge.
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Plain Alidade
Telescopic Alidade
TACHYMETER:
A tachymeter or tacheometer is a type of theodolite used for rapid measurements and determines, electronically or electro-optically, the distance to target.
Uses:
Tachymetric surveying is used in preparatory work for the construction of roads, pipelines, canals, industrial structures, and various other civil engineering structures. Land reclamation work may also involve the use of tachymetric surveying.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed with the help of following links,
1)Tachymeter
2)Tachymeter
Where To Buy:
Buy
GRAPHOMETER:
The graphometer, semicircle or semicircumferentor is a surveying instrument used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular limb divided into 180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes.
The limb is subtended by the diameter with two sights at its ends. In the middle of the diameter a "box and needle" (compass) is fixed. On the same middle the alidade with two other sights is fitted. The device is mounted on a staff via a ball and socket joint. In effect the device is a half-circumferentor. For convenience, sometimes another half-circle from 180 to 360 degrees may be graduated in another line on the limb.
Uses:
Use for measuring angles.
Procedure:
To measure an angle, say, EKG, place the diameter middle C at the angle apex K using the plummet at point C of the instrument. Align the diameter with leg KE of the angle using the sights at the ends of the diameter.
Align the alidade with the leg KG using another pair of sights, and read the angle off the limb as marked by the alidade. Further uses of the graphometer are the same as those of the circumferentor.
An alidade is a device that allows one to sight a distant object and use the line of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to draw a line on a plane table in the direction of the object or to measure the angle to the object from some refrence point.
There are two types of alidade,
1)Plain table alidade.
2)Telescopic alidade.
Plain Alidade:
It consists of a straight-edge ruler, made of a metal or wood, with one of the edges is bevelled and graduated known as fiducial edge. It consists of two vanes which are perpendicular to its ends, fitted with hinges at their bases, known as sight vanes.
The telescopic alidade is designed for greater precision and longer range of sights. It can be used with advantages for contouring and plotting of details during topographic surveying.
It consists of a telescope as an arrangement for sighting (similar to that present in the upper part of a theodolite). The telescope is fitted with a stadia diaphragm and can be used as tacheometer also for computations of horizontal distance and vertical elevations. The line of sight of the telescope is aligned along the fiducial edge. In this instrument, the object is sighted through the telescope and the distance is scaled off in that direction along the fiducial edge.
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Plain Alidade
Telescopic Alidade
TACHYMETER:
A tachymeter or tacheometer is a type of theodolite used for rapid measurements and determines, electronically or electro-optically, the distance to target.
Tachymetric surveying is used in preparatory work for the construction of roads, pipelines, canals, industrial structures, and various other civil engineering structures. Land reclamation work may also involve the use of tachymetric surveying.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed with the help of following links,
1)Tachymeter
2)Tachymeter
Where To Buy:
Buy
GRAPHOMETER:
The graphometer, semicircle or semicircumferentor is a surveying instrument used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular limb divided into 180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes.
Uses:
Use for measuring angles.
Procedure:
To measure an angle, say, EKG, place the diameter middle C at the angle apex K using the plummet at point C of the instrument. Align the diameter with leg KE of the angle using the sights at the ends of the diameter.
TRANSIT:
A transit level is an optical instrument, or a telescope, complete with a built-in spirit level that is mounted on a tripod. Transit levels are used mainly for surveying and building, but they can be used to determine the relative position of lines and objects as well.
Transit levels are very precise. They are used to establish a reference line, but they are also used to provide readings of angles in precise measurements.
Precautions:
1)When the objective lens is not in use, it should be covered with a lens cap to prevent damage to the equipment.
2)Detachable sunshades are useful in preventing glare and protecting the objective lens.
3)Do not lift your level by the telescope; always be sure to lift it by the base.
4)Make sure you turn both screws at the same time and rate when leveling a transit level.
5)Make sure the transit level is level around all 360° of direction; if this is not done, the measurements will be incorrect.
6)Make sure the leveling screws are not too tight - over tight screws need to be loosened for the most accurate results.
7)If the leveling screws are too tight, it can warp the base plate, causing permanent damage.
8)Do not look at the sun through the telescope.
Keep both of your eyes open when looking through the telescope. This will avoid tiring your eyes and eliminate squinting.
9)The image being sighted will be sharpest when it is quartered by the crosshairs; this is the most accurate place on the lens.
10)The jumping of an image is called parallax. With each movement, adjust the focusing knob until the image stops jumping.
11)Do not touch the tripod at any time after the transit level is mounted. This can cause problems with the measurements as well as the accuracy of the level.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
THEODOLITE:
A theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like metrology and rocket launch technology.
A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision.
Uses:
1)Navigation and mapping for outdoor sports like hiking, backcountry skiing, hunting, fishing, and boating.
2)Estimate range and plan shots in golf.
3)Get a quick compass bearing to objects or landmarks in the viewfinder. Theodolite has an optical compass you aim and look through.
4)Determine position and altitude/elevation from GPS
5)Visualize and mark level, plumb, and waterline references during construction or home projects
6)Measure elevation, horizon, and azimuth angles of slopes, paths, and landmarks.
7)Construction: Theodolite is used for site surveys and quick measurements to estimate and verify plans and surveyor readings.
8)Flood research/planning: Theodolite is used to measure and visualize water levels and flood plain elevations.
Precautions:
Following measures should be taken in order to avoid these errors mention below:
1)Non-Adjustment of Plate Level
2)The Line of Collimation not Being perpendicular to the Horizontal Axis
3)The Line of Collimation and the Axis of Telescope Level not Being Parallel to Each Other
4)Verniers Being Eccentric
5)The Vertical Hair not Being Exactly Vertical
Procedure:
Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a surveyor’s nail or a stake. This point is the basis for measuring angles and distances.
Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the instrument (the theodolite) to be eye-level. The centered hole of the mounting plate should be over the nail or stake.
Drive the tripod legs into the ground using the brackets on the sides of each leg.
Mount the theodolite by placing it atop the tripod, and screw it in place with the mounting knob.
Measure the height between the ground and the instrument. This will be used a reference to other stations.
Level the theodolite by adjusting the tripod legs and using the bulls-eye level. You can make slight tunings with the leveling knobs to get it just right.
Adjust the small sight (the vertical plummet) found on the bottom of the theodolite. The vertical plummet allows you to do ensure the instrument remains over the nail or stake. Adjust the plummet using the knobs on the bottom.
Aim the crosshairs in the main scope at the point to be measured. Use the locking knobs on the side of the theodolite to keep it aimed on the point. Record the horizontal and vertical angles using the viewing scope found on the theodolite’s side.
Types Of Theodolite:
Following are the few types of theodolite.
Electronic Theodolite:
Electronic theodolites operate like any optical theodolite with one major difference that these instruments have only one motion (upper) and hence have only one horizontal clamp and slow motion screws.
Features:
• The Spectra Precision DET-2 digital electronic theodolite gives you accurate measurements in an affordable, versatile, easy to use platform
• Offers dual displays and controls for easy accessibility and operation, very large backlit LCD characters for easy reading (also, reduces eye strain and chance for errors), and a host of features and parameters normally found on much higher priced instruments
• Fast investment payback is the goal of the Spectra Precision DET-2
• With its 2-second accuracy (1- or 5-second selectable display readings) and vertical axis compensation, it can handle any construction job
• Operating costs are kept low with the included rechargeable battery pack and charger
• A backup alkaline pack holding four standard AA batteries is also included
• Able to be fully customized for your preferred operating style or job, with programmable settings for the horizontal angle resolution and beep, vertical degrees or %, automatic shutoff (to save battery life), and zenith angle
• Includes a built-in reticle illuminator that allows you to work inside buildings and other environments with little or no light, such as near dawn or dusk
• You can count on working in difficult conditions with an environmental rating of IP-54 making it water and dust-proof
• Comes equipped with a plumb bob, NiMH rechargeable battery pack and charger, alkaline battery pack, adjustment tools, rain hood, multi-language user guide, and hard-shell carrying case
• Accurate enough for any job, yet the display resolution can be tailored to any operator’s preferences for fast readings
• Vertical axis compensation can be turned on or off depending on the operator or job
• Programmable settings for the horizontal angle resolution and beep, vertical degrees or percent are easy to configure
• The recharge kit reduces operating costs and downtime
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Transit Theodolite:
A theodolite the telescope of which can be rotated completely about its horizontal axis.
Features:
Theodolite is designed to meet the requirements of civil engineer surveyor and mining engineer for high grade instruments giving a maximum portability Both circles are totally enclosed making the instruments suitable for work either above or below the ground The instrument is supplied with standard accessories in teak wood box with aluminum telescopic tripod stand Customers can easily avail this from the market at attractive prices Specifications theodolite 10 sec Erect image suitable for measuring horizontal vertical angles with optical plumet 2 5x focusing range 0 5m erect image 24 30x coated optic shortest longest measuring distance1 5m 300mt graduated circle 360⺠vernier reading 10 objective aperture 40mm complete in box with standard accessories and tripod stand of aluminum theodolite 20 sec erect image 24x coated optic superior quality suitable for measuring horizontal vertical angles with optical plumet 2 5x focusing range 0 5m erect image 24 30x coated optic shortest longest measuring distance1 5m 300mt graduated circle 360⺠vernier reading 20 objective aperture 40mm complete in box with standard accessories and tripod stand of alluminum.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Optical Theodolite:
The Optical Theodolite - THEO Series, offers user-friendly and accurate surveying measurements at an affordable price. These units are ideal for the measurement of horizontal and vertical angles, used in surveying. It consists of a small telescope mounted so as to move on two graduated circles, one horizontal and the other vertical, while its axes pass through the centre of the circles.
Features:
• The most suitable and durable theodolites for harsh environments and extreme weather conditions (i.e. Hot or Cold temperatures)
• Automatic Compensation of Vertical Circle Index
• Color field of view, distinct reading
• Precise optics, with high quality imaging
• Best selling and largest theodolite market share, worldwide
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Gyrotheodolite:
In surveying, a gyrotheodolite (also: surveying gyro) is an instrument composed of a gyroscope mounted to a theodolite. It is used to determine the orientation of true north. It is the main instrument for orientation in mine surveying and in tunnel engineering, where astronomical star sights are not visible and GPS does not work.
Features:
• With two sets of semiconductor laser based on optical plumbing system.
• Structure of equipment ensures coaxiality, concentricity and confocality laser axis and sight axis.
• Used in construction, project supervisor,derformation observation.
• With backlight under bubble, it is used easily under the dark or bad illumination conditions.
Procedure:
Procedure can be followed through following video link,
Where To Buy:
It can be bought from following link,
Pibal Theodolite:
A pilot weather balloon (Pibal) theodolite is a device that is similar to a surveyor's transit. It consists of a telescope mounted on two movable axes. One axis (vertical) rotates to change elevation, the other (horizontal) azimuth. There are vernier scales and in some cases micrometers that give precise readouts of the relative position of the telescope to each axis. Unlike the surveyor's transit a pibal theodolite utilizes a "bent axis telescope". Additionally a pibal theodolite often has the facility to illuminate the crosshairs and readouts for night time use. The picture of commonly use pibal theodolite is following
Specialized units were produced for shipboard use, one is following
Uses:
Pibals and theodolites have a important history in meteorology. They have been used to track upper level winds for over 125 years. Their use is now restricted to a limited number of specialized but often critical applications, usually in remote locations where usable data from a Rawinsonde is not available. Ironically pibals are still utilized to support the flights of manned balloons, (hot air balloonists) the application they were originally developed for.
Procedure:
Procedures for set up and observation can be followed from following link,
Photo-Theodolite:
A photo theodolite is a form of ground camera. It is a combination of camera and theodolite and is used for taking photographs and measuring the angles which the rival plane of collimation makes with base line. Both the theodolite and the camera rotate about a common vertical axis. It should be noted that the pointing of the theodolite is completely independent of that of the camera, but the horizontal circle, which is located on the top of the camera housing, is fixed in such a way that when the circle reading is zero, the optical axes of the theodolite and camera lie in the same vertical plane. This means that all horizontal directions observed with the theodolite can be easily related to the principal point of the photograph.
Uses:
The instrument is used for terrestrial photogrammetry. Not only is the terrestrial camera useful for mapping construction sites at scales as large as 5 ft. to 1 in., but the photographs can be utilised in a suitable instrument for taking off quantities for earthworks or stock-piles and for directly plotting tunnel profiles and other varied uses. At the other extreme the photo-theodolite can be employed for mapping at small scales and even for extending control.
Procedure:
Procedure of terrestrial photogrammetry can be followed using following link,
